Answer the following questions as you read the section:
1. How did the English Parliament affect the economic development of the colonies?
2. What initiated most of the conflicts that arose in the interior portions of North America?
3. Why did early British efforts to gain portions of the frontier fail?
4. How did the British war effort before William Pitt's tenure as British secretary of state compare afterwards?
5. What finally turned the tide of battle in the British's favor?
6. Agree/disagree: the removal of the French from North America only emboldened Great Britain to tighten their grip on the colonies.
7. In what ways did the war affect how the colonists and British viewed each other?
8. While Pitt's decisions enabled Britain to win the French and Indian War, did they account for long term consquences? How/how not?
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1. The English Parliament made the colonists sendgoods made in the colonies like fur and copper. Also woolen cloth, beaver hats, and finished iron materials could not be made in the colonies because the English economy was dependant on these items. Therefore the colonies were not allowed to sell popular goods making the economy weaker.
ReplyDelete2. The main reason for tensions in the interior of North America was caused by the English's hate for the French religions and the population increases of the colonies which wanted to move west to get more land.
3. Early land in the heartland was Ohio however France pushed the English out of Ohio and built a line of forts to keep the English out.
4.Before Pitt was Seceratary of State, France was winning most of the battles with help from the indians, however after Pitt was appointed in 1757, Pitt put all of Britain's military in America to fight the French and as a result England won the French-Indian war.
5.A huge Brittish military turned the battles from almost all French victories to almost all English victories
6.I agree, after the French left England got plenty of land east of the Mississippi river.
7. After the war the colonists disliked the British because of the massive taxes and debt that the English accumulated by fighting the French Indian war
8.Pitt did not account for the long term concequences for the colonies because there was a massive debt in the colonies after the French and Indian war and also there was a high body count as a result from the war. 700 men died from Boston alone.
1.The English Parliament gave more power to the royal governors and had them enforce British policies in the colonies. Also, the king and Parliament increased their control on colonial affairs while adding new items to the list of goods that needed to be produced in the colonies. These trade items included fur, copper, hemp, tar, and turpentine. Parliament passed the Molasses Act in 1733, which was an attempt to end trade between New England and the French West Indies. This had a large economic effect on New England’s merchants who began smugglers as a result.
ReplyDelete2.There was a massive population growth of English colonists in North America and the English colonies were expanding their borders because of this. This expansion upset the French because the English were settling closer and closer toward the western trading empire of the French and their Indian allies.
3.The French were very strong in military due to their alliances with many of the Indian tribes in their region of North America. The British tried to make alliances with Native American tribes such as the Iroquois but the tribes never actually promised that they would fight the French.
4.Before William Pitt was appointed as secretary of state in 1757, the English were losing the war due to France’s large forces which included its many allied Native American tribes. However, after his tenure as British secretary of state he was able to turn the tables on the French and gave the British the upper hand. The forces he dispatched to North America included 23,000 British troops and a huge fleet with 14,000 mariners.
5.The tide of battle finally turned in the British’s favor when the troops captured Louisbourg and Fort Duquesne. These victories proved to the Iroquois that the British could win and they then finally pledged 800 warriors.
6.I agree that the removal of the French from North America only emboldened Great Britain to tighten their grip on the colonies because now they had more land and power and they had driven out one of their greatest rivals. Great Britain did not want anyone to try and take over their colonies nor did they want the colonies to feel empowered enough to lash out against Great Britain.
7.The colonists started to hate the British because of the enormous debt that the British had bestowed on them which left them weak. The colonists were taxed heavily and this added to the colonist’s hatred of Great Britain. Also, a lot of people lost their lives during the French and Indian war.
8.William Pitt made a good decision that led to a British victory in the French and Indian war. However, he did not account for the long term consequences which included a high number of casualties, heavy taxing on the colonies, and extreme debt.
1. With Parliament gaining more and more power than the throne in England, it set its sights on colonial affairs also. It forced the colonies to send certain goods such as furs, cotton, and tar to England before being exported to other countries. The Molasses Act of 1733 was especially important because it forced an extra tariff on French-produced molasses, which was used to make rum. Instead of abiding by the tax, many colonists chose to silently rebel and smuggle in rum instead.
ReplyDelete2. Having already formed a religious rivalry in Europe, similar tensions arose between French and English colonists in North America. When the English colonies experienced a population boom in the 1700s, the colonists from those regions were forced to move westward, where fur traders created competition with French prices.
3. Although backed by the massive British army, the English colonists lacked the cooperation of the Native Americans that the French had, and so often fell victim to their superior scouting skills.
4. Upon becoming England's secretary of state, he decided to put the majority of England's military might into aiding the colonists. He sent in both troops and warships, creating the greatest military forces in the colonies so far.
5. This enormous British army was pretty helpful in beating down the French. But more importantly, it convinced the Iroquois to join the British side of the battle, which led to more victories.
6. I agree, because with the French out of the way, the British found themselves with much more land and resources, and to not have taken control of such an opportunity would have been foolish for them.
7. Although assured of their own strength and willpower, the colonists found themselves heaped with the dept of paying off the war with taxes and a dropping economy because of the withdrawal of soldiers after the war.
8. Pitt probably did not think of how the war would affect the colonies in the long run, considering how so many of the citizens were killed and the economy went into a slump.
1. The English Parliament added new articles to the list of items produced in the colonies such as fur, copper, hemp, tar and turpentine. Although these articles would help the colonies economy to grow the English declared war on Spain because they wanted to continue commercial domination of the Atlantic basin but this just caused problems. In the end they had little to show for all of their effort and it slowed the development of the colony.
ReplyDelete2. In the early 17th century conflicts between English and French colonists in North America began because of religious hatred. The conflicts intensified with the population growth of the English colonies. The population grew as large as 1.75 million people.
3. An English General, Braddock, planed to gain portions of the frontier. As he neared Fort Duquesne French and Indians surprised Braddock and the French and Indians won leaving many British killed or wounded. Braddock’s retreat brought almost every tribe north of the Ohio river to the French side which became a disadvantage for the British because they now had less opportunity to gain portions of land.
4. The French won most of the battles in 1756 along with the assistance from their Indian allies. Right before William Pitt’s tenure the British war began. When William Pitt was appointed in 1757 he was determined he could save the nation. Pitt dispatched his troops to North America and his military began to produce victories such as England winning the French-Indian war.
5. The British began to win battles once they assembled the largest army ever assembled in North America. Pitt ended up mobilizing the fighting power of the English nation because he put more men in the field than existed in all of New France.
6. I agree with the removal of the French from North America because it allowed more room and freedom for colonization and it was good for Great Britain to have the ability to tighten the grip on the colonies so there would be more order and control.
7.The war required heavy taxes and weakened the colonists in power. At first colonists were upset because of the high taxes and debt that occurred because of the English fighting in the French Indian war. Towards the end of the war the colonists began reassessing subordination to England and the advantages of standing alone. The British thought that the colonists were unreliable, had fought poorly, were ungovernable and not understanding the true nature of subordination.
8. William Pitt’s decisions did not account for long term consequences because it ended up causing aggravation between the colonists and the British. Also the economy slumped badly, takes were too high, and many people became poor, even wealthy people were bankrupt. The war also took a huge human toll killing thousands of people because of sickness and weapons.
1) The English Parliament slowed the economic development of their colonies dramatically. One way they slowed development is they took freedoms away. They said there were certain items that before being shipped to other countries must go to England first so it was as if they were babysitting them and not letting them progress on their own. They also made them lose money by telling them that there were certain products that had to stop being produced because they are important to England's economy. They also tried to stop the trade from New England to the French West Indies.
ReplyDelete2) The first thing that started the issue in the heartland was religious tensions and a huge population boom. This boom was in colonies south of New York and it pushed several settlers, who wanted land to work on, farther west into America. As they got farther and farther west they got very close to French land and Indian allies.
3) English settlers were not able to gain portions of the frontier because the French were not happy with them at all and would not let them pass through and started a war with England over it. They had to work around the English land to trade because there was none left for them and now it looked as if they were intruding trying to take more away.
4) When William Pitt became the Secretary of State in England that was when the tables turned and things started looking up for the English. Before that the French were winning multiple battles. He engages a huge army and got America to work with him and he gave England the boost they needed to help at least stay afloat in the war. He was able to get neutrality and get the whole war to stop but before him the English were being crushed.
5) When Pitt took the Secretary of State position and fought back with more men and put up a harder fight that’s when the tables started to turn. Another thing that caused the British to come out on top was the food shortages, lack of ammunition, and the smallpox epidemic affecting the Cherokee that they finally agreed to peace.
6) I agree with the statement that having the French out only gave them more confidence to have a tighter grip on their colonies. This is because they saw in the war that they needed to help out their colonies otherwise they would have lost the war. So, the colony really can't say anything to the government on how they can handle it on their own because clearly they couldn’t. Also, with one of their big competitors out of the land this gives them even less fears of what may happen if they took even more control. No one else was really there to start another war.
7)After the war the English colonies that were free of their enemies and felt much safer being in a colony by themselves and running the colony by themselves. They felt completely capable and wanted the freedom to govern a colony on their own. But England saw it a completely different way. After they had to come and save them from being completely destroyed and taken over they feel that they have no reason to go ahead and trust these colonists because they were not trustworthy or responsible in anyway and they need to sit there and constantly babysit them now.
8) In no way did Pitt account for long term consequences. If he had then they would have let them lose the war and suffer on their own. Now that they saved them it is as if they will forever have to keep and eye on them and when the country is in debt they started taxing the colonies which is eventually what will lead to the Revolutionary War because England never let go of the colonies that they were babysitting for all this time. If Pitt had stayed out of the war there would have always been independence and the colonies wouldn’t be reliant on England.
1. Parliament added new trade items to the colonial economy such as fur, copper, hemp and tar. However, it reduced the amount of materials that were important to England's economy. The most important change was the Molasswas Act which was passed in 1733, attempted to stop the trade between New England and the French in the West Indies. Parliament additionally imposed taxes on items that were being traded with the French. Overall, Parliament slowed the economic process and reduced the amount of money that England was gaining at the time.
ReplyDelete2. The generation of peace ended suddenly when England declared war on Spain which was the intital start of a series of conflicts. Additionally, the French and English suffered from religious hatred that was increased by population growth.
3.England's early efforts to gain land in the frontier failed. General Edward Braddock, a British general attempted to take the frontier from the french at a location known as, Fort Duquense. The French startled the English with a surprise military attack. The British lost miserabley and lost their opportunity to gain the land.
4. The French were able to win most of their battles during 1756 with the assistance of Native American allies. The turning point in the war between the French and the English came after William Pitt became England's secretary of state in 1757. He began to hold victories for England gaining the British a victory in the war.
5. William Pitt's appointment as the secretary of state turned the tide of the war in Britain's favor. By sending out more troops than the French, Egland outnumbered them and was able to win the war.
6. I agree with the statement. Due to France's removal from the colonies, England was able to gain more colonial freedom and expand their control over North America.
7. The war affected the ways in which the colonists and the British viewed each other. The colonists celebrated their victory of defeating thier enemies. They were free to live as they pleased and take advantage of the land opportunities that now lay head. The colonists felt a new sense of identity after the war because they could experience what it was like to live free lives without concern. The British however, viewed this differently. From their perspective, the colonists were untrustworthly, irresponsable and poor fighters. This meant that Britain had to keep a close watch on the colonists, a responsibility they didn't want to have.
8. The Seven Year's War did not account for long term consequences. The only immediate results were economic decline and poverty due to higher taxes.
I agreee with the ideas and explainations that others had. Brianna's was thorough and similar to mine. Others offered other explainations that were just as valid such as Alexis. I liked what Melinh said about because she addressed the major points.
ReplyDelete1.Parliament hindered the economic development of the colonies. It forced colonist to send items such as fur, tar, and copper to England before they could be sent to other countries. It prevented colonies from manufacturing good that were produced in England. The Molasses Act was an attempt to stop trade between New England and the French West Indies, but it just produced smugglers instead.
ReplyDelete2.There was already religious tension between and English and the French stemming from the early 17th century, and the increase in population did not help matters. English colonist were heading west and challenging French territorial claims.
3.Although the British had strong military forces, their efforts failed because the French had stronger allegiances with the Native Americans, who made excellent trackers.
4. Pitt shifted the focus of the war effort from Europe to North America. This was the largest commitment of military and naval power seen on the continent thus far.
5.The British and American forces eventually came to outnumber the French forces, and they secured support from the Iroquois after achieving victories at Louisbourg and Fort Duquesne.
6. I agree, because without the French in North America, the British had more land and power, and naturally didn’t want to lose it so they held on to what they had.
7. After the war, the colonist had a new sense of identity and believed in their strength. They came to resent the British for high taxes and the heavy debt they owed. The British saw their colonist as a unreliable people who did not understand how to behave subordinately
8. Since Pitt enabled the British to win the war, he was responsible for the economic plight and loss of life in the colonies. While it was this war that gave men such as George Washington their military experience and laid foundations for thoughts of American independence, it is impossible to say Pitt alone was responsible for these effects.
1. Although the English Parliament did give more power to the governors, they were mainly focused on the economic regulation in the colonies. They added new trade interests such as hemp, fur, copper, tar, and turpentine to a list of crops to be grown in the colonies and then shipped to England and traded with nations. The Parliament also prohibited the colonists from trading by installing the Molasses Act in 1733. They tried to stop the trade between the French West Indies and New England where beef and pork were traded in exchange for molasses to make rum. This act caused for several of the leading merchants and distillers in the area to become smugglers.
ReplyDelete2. Fur traders had a desire to move westward into the French areas and offered the trappers and Native Americans better goods than the French had at times. When the English colonists reached the Ohio valley angered the French because that area was extremely important to them. The French initiated a resistance against the colonial intrusions that lead to many conflicts between the two.
3. Early efforts failed because the French had an alliance with the Indian tribes, which the English couldn’t do despite many attempts with the Iroquois. Although the English had many more men, the French and Indians near Ft. Dusquesne still defeated them. In order to reach the Frontier they would eventually have get through the French, which they clearly couldn’t do at the time.
4. Before William Pitt, the English and no success whatsoever against the French. Their alliance with the Indians was a key factor in all of the victories. But once the new Secretary General came into power, he promised to end the war. By sending 23,000 men in the British militia and 14,000 mariners, and even more at later dates, the British had the advantage of bigger numbers.
5. The British captured two of the major French ports, Louisbourg and Ft. Dusquesne, which showed the Iroquois that the English could in fact defeat the French. The English also stopped the French trade to the Iroquois and that finally made them agree to send out 800 of their men. They now had the power of the Indians and more numbers, which assisted them in capturing the rest of the crucial French trading ports.
6. I agree. Now that the colonies were given more land, the British wanted to keep them under control. The last thing they wanted was for the colonies to feel powerful enough and attempt to throw out the British in America.
7. The colonists developed a hate for the British. The war left the colonists paying so many taxes that they became furious. The war also wiped out several of the colonists out, as the death toll was huge.
8. William Pitt probably didn’t realize how many of his own men would be killed and the amount of taxes to be paid. The economies in all of the coastal towns were in a slump. The death toll was absolutely ridiculous. 700 men in Massachusetts were killed and all the widowers sunk into poverty.
1. In 1696, the English replaced the old Lords of Trade with a more professional Board of Trade. The Treasury then strengthened the customs service and courts were established to limit smugglers who evaded trade regulations. Parliament also added new goods to the list of items that the colonies produced. Copper, fur, and tar were all examples of this. The Parliament also implemented many acts such as the Molasses Act of 1733 in an attempt to stop trade between other areas.
ReplyDelete2. Religious tension was what fueled many of the conflicts in the colonies. As more and more fur traders moved outward to make a profit, tensions began to arise over boarders and boundaries between the countries.
3. British efforts to gain portions of the frontier failed because they were competing with the French, who had already established themselves and tried to turn the native tribes against the English.
4. Before William Pitt entered the war, England and Prussia were fighting France, Austria, and Russia, without many soldiers and support. However, after his entrance, he dispatched a large amount of troops and fleets.
5. What finally turned the battle in favor of the British was when troops under Sir Jeffery Amherst captured Louisbourg and Fort Duquesne fell to another enormous army. England’s huge military buildup put more men in the battle than the total population of New France.
6. After the French left the colonies, the English put a much tighter grip on their lands. They felt that they must keep the area secure and make sure that they were the sole ruler. They tightened forces in order to keep their power above all of the other countries.
7. The war convinced the colonists of their growing power but it left them poor and weak. The economy encouraged economic development but left them more vulnerable to Britain’s fluctuations.
8. Although Pitt’s decisions helped the British win the war, it did not come without its consequences. After, manpower was exhausted, along with a lower economy because of the heavy expenses. Merchant ships went bankrupt and military costs were huge. Britain had entered sort of a depression after their win.
1. The English Parliament hindered the economic development of the colonies in several ways. They required certain products to be shipped to England before being shipped anywhere else. They also limited production of woolen cloth, beaver hats, and finished iron products. Lastly, they passed the Molasses Act in 1733 in order to stop trade between New England and the French West Indies.
ReplyDelete2. The conflicts were fueled by religious hatred between the English and the French. Also, when the population of English colonists grew, they were settling near the western trading empire of the French and the Indians. This caused tension between the French and the English.
3. The British efforts to gain a portion of the frontier failed because the French were already established in the west and had more power than the English. The French had strong alliances with the Native Americans, and the English could not compete with them, despite having a large population.
4. Before William Pitt became the British secretary, the British lost most of the battles against the French. However, once Pitt became the British secretary, he sent a massive army and a huge fleet to fight in America. This led to more British success.
5. The tide turned when the British captured Louisbourg and Fort Duquesne, and the British greatly outnumbered the French. British victories gained Indian support, which led to their success.
6. I agree. Without the threat of the French, the English had the opportunity to secure their power in the colonies. They had to ensure that they had full control so that no other countries challenged them.
7. The outcome of the war caused the colonists to recognize their growing power. However, all of debt from the war upset them. They started questioning their subordination to the British, while the British thought that the colonists were unreliable and poor fighters. The British felt the need to start watching the colonies closely, but the colonists started thinking about the advantages of being independent.
8. Although Pitt's decisions led to British victory, they caused long term consequences. In addition to an enormous death toll, they suffered from large war debts, a weakened economy, and weakened manpower.
Questions 1-4
ReplyDelete1. Although both the monarchy and Parliament sought to increase their oversight and influence on the colonial territories, it was Parliament’s legislation that influenced the colonies economic future. Parliament’s articles on fur, copper, hemp, and tar were part of a greater trend of capitalizing on the commodity producing skills of their colonies to fuel industry back home. The increasing efforts made to restrict the production of “finished”, or manufactured goods to England caused much consternation in the colonies – iron goods, clothing, cloth, all were relegated back to the motherland. The cumulative effect can be seen in the Molasses Act (1733), the prohibiting of trading for molasses to produce into rum with the French turned colonial merchants into defiers of royal authority, continuing to persist in their trade.
2. An aggressive expansion of English colonists westward, propelled by massive population growth, (250,000 in 1700 to 1.25 million in 1750) all but guaranteed an inevitable conflict would arise. As more people sought land, more merchants sought further profits, the spread into west resulted in the French defending their territories against a flood of settlers.
3. While the British did send vast amounts of troops to fight the French, their fighting style and unfamiliarity with the terrain on which they fought led to humiliating defeats against smaller forces that were more nimble and more adept at fighting to their environment. The French capitalized on their relations with the Indians and had many victories due to such an efficient and fast proxy force. With colonial disunity and a failed attempt to bribe the Iroquois onto the English’s side, the first steps they took against the French were destined to be poor ones.
4. William Pitt turned the war effort towards North America, instead of focusing on conflicts in Europe. He committed far larger military resources to this campaign against the French and their Indian allies than before, provided with virtually inexhaustible supplies of force, they would produce strings of tangible victories as they consolidated their power.
Questions 5-8
ReplyDelete5. The fact that the British forces outnumbered the French population in their North American colonies by many folds alone was a big push. Although they did not necessarily always have the Native Americans on their side, the fact that the Iroquois no longer remained neutral in the war only further hammered home British triumph, superior force managed to overwhelm those parties that did not ally with them, such as their crippling by attrition of the Cherokee by cutting off their supplies of food, and armament. With the capture of major French assets such as Quebec and Montreal, French presence in North America was over.
6. The addition of French territories to that of Britain’s only strengthened their view to further legislate and govern their conquests. Examples like the Proclamation of 1763 showed an attempt to regulate and order (to no real success) the vast amounts of land they now had. It emboldened the British, but it also emboldened the colonies as well. Greater forces that emerged from the war would opt for more influence and power, and the colonies and Great Britain would vie to show who had the right to such authority.
7. The colonists felt that they were more independent than previously thought; Britain gained a more assertive population of settlers to regulate and attempt to keep reined in. The British had to manage an ever growing empire, and to that degree viewed the colonies as one more arm that had to bear the burden of the financing of such a large swathe of territories. A more assertive and vocal colonial society continued their emergence, while Parliament would try to flex its muscles to turn North America into more potential regions to shoulder expenditures of the empire.
8. It is because of their victory in the French and Indian War that colonial relations with Britain began (or accelerated) further towards a direction where the colonies gained greater dependence from their motherland. Because of the massive influx of troops and focus that Pitt made in order to win the war, the colonies grew economically, and at the same time grew more susceptible to the economic tides of England. Thus, an already vocal and growing political voice in the colonies would have more reasons to shout as it felt the acts of Parliament. After the war as Parliament needed to get more revenue to close a ballooning national debt, the colonies which had previously given a generally large degree of acceptance to their proclamations now saw increasingly large steps in tariffs as rallying areas for protest.
1.) The English Parliament inhibited the economic development of the colonies with their many unfair policies. First, royal governors were placed in charge of the colonies, and told to enforce the policies of the Board of Trade much more strictly. Parliament then instated unfair economic regulation that required fur, copper, hemp, tar, and turpentine to be shipped to England, before it went to any other country. Additionally, the colonies were no longer allowed to produce woolen products, since Parliament wanted to keep it an English business only. Parliament also instated the Molasses Act in 1733 that made trade with the French West Indies almost too expensive to continue.
ReplyDelete2.) A population boom was responsible for the growth of 250,000 colonists to 1.25 million colonists in just 50 years. Particularly in the south, these new people had to expand westward into the frontier. There, they encroached upon the lands and profits of the French trappers and hunters. Such expansion initiated most of the conflicts in the interior of North America.
3.) The French built forts along the Ohio River in order to protect their lands from British expansion. Additionally, after defeating the British general Braddock, almost all the Native forces aligned themselves with the French troops. This effectively stopped British efforts to gain land in the frontier.
4.) Before William Pitt became Secretary of the State in 1757, the French were winning all the battles with their superior Native allies. However, Pitt shifted the focus of troops from Europe to North America. Committing a total of almost 40,000 troops, he provided the overwhelming resources it would take to win the Seven Years’ War.
5.) The tide turned in favor of the British when they successfully captured Louisburg and Fort Duquesne using the massive size of their army. Seeing these victories, the Iroquois decided to side with the British. This allowed them to achieve even more victories over the French.
6.) Agree. The removal of the French caused Britain to feel more justified in tightening their grip on the colonies. They thought that the colonists owed them for removing the French, and should therefore, be taxed accordingly. Also, the display of British military might increased their confidence in the ability to control colonial affairs.
7.) The war caused the British to view the colonists with much more scorn. The British felt that they had saved the colonists from the French, and that the colonists were ungracious for such a deed. The British also began to feel that the colonists were a needy burden. At the same time, the colonists used the war to gain more power from the governors. The colonists were also angry that they had to pay so greatly in lives and taxes for what they thought was a war between two empires that had little reference to America.
8.) Pitt’s decision to defeat the French did not take into account long term consequences. With the French gone, the colonists no longer relied on the British for protection; thus, decreasing colonial dependence. Additionally, the costs of the war on the colonists were great and caused dissent between the colonies and Britain. The growing sense of dependence combined with increasing anger at Britain would play a major role in creating incentives for the revolution.
1. During the seventeenth and sixteenth centuries, the English Parliament began to have more governing power over the nation. This power also shifted to the colonies where Parliament regulated the system of trade between the colonies and the rest of the world. For example, new items such as fur and copper were being added to a growing list of items that had to be first shipped to England before continuing to another destination. Additionally, Parliament passed many restrictions on where certain items were permitted to go, such as in the 1733 Molasses Act which practically forbade the popular trade between New England and the French Caribbean. Therefore, these restrictions hampered the local colonial economies, which resulted in large scale smuggling to defy the laws of the Empire.
ReplyDelete2. In the interior of America, many British colonists were pushing westward seeking better profits of the fur trade due to a recent population increase. This caused interference in the french trade system, who in turn tried to block the English settlers causing border tensions.
3. In retalliation to French efforts to stop English settlers, the British army attempted to gain frontier lands from the French. However, they were mostly unsuccessful. This is because the French had established good relations with the local natives and also a a series of forts along the area. These factors caused military defeats for the English, which led to the remaining natives to side with the French in this theatre.
4. Before William Pitt was appointed to Secretary of State, the English were suffering defeat after defeat from the French and thier indian allies. When Pitt became in charge of the war effort, he dispatched the largest army ever assembled for fighting in America. The overwhelming numbers began to turn the tide of the war, causing local indian tribes to side with the British and ultimately a British victory in the New World.
5. The war's progress was turned when William Pitt sent 23,000 troops to America. This resulted in British victories and increasing native support.
6. Of course with the removal of Britain's largest colonial competetor, they were able to better secure thier colonial possessions because they gained much more land and power, and were the dominant force in the area. Therefore, this emabled them to better maintain thier colonies.
7. The war affected the ways that colonists and the British viewed themselves by creating a sense of power for the colonists who had helped the crown eliminate the French from America, but were unhappy as the reult of such a victory required increased taxes and some social disorganization. On the other hand, the British felt that the colonies needed to comply with the taxes as they had defended them from French attacks.
8. To some extent, Pitt's troop increase in America did cause some long term consequences. The larger amount of soldiers made the colonists feel oppressed, giving them excuses to resent the Royal Government.
1. The English Parliament's dominance over the colonies, influenced the economic development of the New World as the English did not help foster the economy of the colonies, but rather manipulated the settlers, allowing the crown to reap the benefits. In the colonies, the English installed the machinery of imperial management. In addition, new articles were passed by the Parliament that ordered that items such as, fur, copper, hemp, tar, and turpentine, had to be shipped to England, who would then profit off the sales. This hindered the colonial economies, as the English would buy the products at a marginal price, not allowing the colonists to profit. Futhermore, the colonies were not allowed to produce articles that were important to the English economy. Such items included, woollen cloth, beaver hats, and finished iron products. Parliament also added the Molasses Act in 1733, which attempted to inhibit trade between the New England colonies and the French West Indies. This act fostered an increase in smuggling among New Englanders.
ReplyDelete2. The turmoil among English and French colonists in North America, intensifed in the interior portions of North America, as the conflict, which orginated in the 17th century, was refueled by relgious hatred and an exponential population increase. The English colonies grew from 250,000 in 1700 to 1.25 million in 1750. (Page 163) Many immigrants moved west, in search of more land, however, this created conflict with the French.
3. The British were unable to gain portions of the frontier because the French were more familiar with the land and because of their relationships with the Native Americans, the French were able to use the indigenous people as allies. The French resisted the English by constructing new forts in the Ohio Valley. Additionally, the English were unable to successfully coordinate between colonies and finally, the were able to win most of the battles, resulting in Britain's declaration of world war.
4. Prior to William Pitt's ascent to the position of English secretary of state in 1757, the country had lost most of the battles, including major defeats at Fort William Henry on Lake George. When Pitt gained power, he added much needed morale to the English, and led a campaign where he boasted about his power to save England. He then focused all of England's military power on the American theater and poured 23,00 British troops into the New World.
5. Finally, the tide of battle was turned towards the British favor when Anglo-American leaders were able to gain the support of the Iroquois. Through purchase and demonstration of power, the tribes were convinced that the English would produce victory. In 1758, the English finally began to win battles. The tide then turned as troops under Sir Jeffrey Amherst captured Louisbourg and Fort Duquesne fell to another army led by General John Forbes. The English had more men fighting than the French had in New France.
6. Disagree. Although the Seven Year's War concluded with Britian victorious, they were ill-prepared, because of the war time debt, to then tighten their grip on the colonies. England decided to merely maintain small army garisons in America to regulate the interior. Additionally, the government did not have enough power to stop settlers from privately purchasing land from tribes. On page 171, it says "the colonists also felt a new sense of identity after the war. They began reassessing subordination to England and the advantages of standing alone." The colonists were soon able to realize that they no longer needed the English protection.
ReplyDelete7. With the conclusion of the war, the colonists viewed the English with less respect. The colonists felt as if they had gained a new sense of identity, as they were not as closely connected to the British henceforth. The British, however, viewed the Seven Years' War as depicting the colonists as unreliable, poor fighters, and ungovernable people.
8. Pitt's actions allowed the British to turn the tide of the war towards their favor, however, his decision neglected to consider long term consequences. The large amount of troops he ordered to the New World resulted in a substantial amount of casualties. In addition, the war effort that Pitt encouraged left Britain with long-term taxation and debt issues. Furthermore, the result of the war increased the colonists' morale and strenghtened their desire for independence.
1. The English Parliament began playing a large role in economic relations, adding items such as fur, copper, hemp, tar, and turpentine to the colonies' production list to be sent to England. Parliament passed the Molasses Act in 1733 in hopes of ending trade relations between the French and New Englanders; however, smuggling resulted instead. By implementing such harsh restrictions on the colonies and limiting the production of goods that were important to England's economy, Parliament held back the success of the colonies.
ReplyDelete2. Conflicts existed in North America due to religious strife and a sudden population growth in English colonies. With such crowded conditions in the colonies, fur traders and land speculators began encroaching on French territories, as they expanded westward. This led to conflict between the French and the English, as the French were unhappy with the intrusions.
3. British efforts to gain portions of the frontier were unsuccesful because the French had already established a trading empire in the west. The French organized resistance against the English by constructing a line of forts and turning western tribes against them.
4. Before William Pitt became Briish secretary of state, the French were winning much of the fighting due to their assistance from Indian allies. Once Pitt stepped up, he refocused the British attention away from Europe's problems and toward America. He helped to build the largest army ever assembled in North America for the British, which greatly outnumbered the French. With these efforts, Pitt helped gain British victories.
5. The tide was finally turned in the British favor when they captured Louisbourg and Fort Duquesne with their large army. Pitt had mobilized the fighting power of the English nation and convinced the Iroquois to join the British side when a French defeat loomed ahead.
6. I agree that Britain was encouraged to tighten their grip on American colonies because they realized they now had the power and room to expand. With this new power, they launched a policy to separate Native Americans from colonizers.
7. Proceeding the war, the colonists were upset with the British for the heavy taxes they received, which resulted in poverty for much of the population. In addition, a staggering number of deaths were recorded from the war, leaving many widowed women without their husbands to support their families. The British believed the colonists to be unreliable, stubborn, and poor fighters.
8. I believe Pitt to be responsible for the long term consequences because the war was the main cause of the heavy taxes, high number of casualties, debt, and weakened colonists. If Pitt had not placed such a large number of soldiers in the war, the societies would not be left death-stricken and unbalanced in terms of men and women.
1. The parliament created overseas vice- admiralty courts, and then began generally playing a more active role in 1714.They increased their control over colonial affairs and also added fur, copper, hemp, tar, turpentine to their list of things which were produced in the colonies and then needed to be shipped to England before being exported to other places. Also they curtailed colonial production of main articles such as woolen cloth, beaver hats, and finished iron products. In 1733 the Parliament passed the Molasses act which also greatly affected the economic development of the colonies.
ReplyDelete2. In the early seventeenth century there was a substantial population increase in the colonies at this time there also was religious tensions. The fur traders and land speculators also caused some interior conflicts along with colonial penetration. This caused the French to attempt to block English expansion causing more interior conflicts in North America.
3. It was very hard for the British to gain more land because the French had tried to block the English expansion therefore they wouldn’t let anyone else gain more land. At this time there was very little land for the British and the French were trying to turn the native people against them.
4. The French and Indians defeated the English before William Pitt became secretary of state; he then created a large army ready to fight in the colonies. He also lead a campaign showing how he had the power to change England
5. The reason the tide of battle turned for the British was the large and successful British Army. There also was a food shortage and a small pox epidemic affecting the Cherokees which had them agree to peace.
ReplyDelete6. I agree that once the French were removed from North America had Great Britain gain a tighter grip on the colonies because they were able to expand over North America.
7. The war gave the colonists a huge debt which made them angry towards the British. The war gave the colonists independent strength and confidence.
8. There were no long term consequences caused by the seven years war, there was debt and an economic decline due to higher taxes but Pitt’s decisions did not create long term consequences.
1.Following the reign of Queen Anne, the Parliament began playing a more active role in the colonies. Parliament issued orders that items such as fur, copper, hemp, tar, and turpentine were to be produced in the colonies and then shipped to England, where it would then be shipped elsewhere for profit. Also, the production of articles important to England’s economy was cut back in the colonies. The Molasses act of 1733 attempted to end trade between New England and the French West Indies by putting a 6 pence per gallon duty on molasses.
ReplyDelete2.In the interior portions of North America, tensions fueled by religious hatred arose between French and English colonists in North America. In the mid to late 1700s, the English colonies experienced a population boom, which forced the colonists from those regions to move westward towards the trading empire of the French. Fur traders offered better prices than native traders and thus, created unwanted competition.
3.The British had a massive army but this was no match for the French, who had a great number of Indian allies. The French and Indians won the battle at Fort Duquesne. The British had failed earlier in trying to rewin the allegiances of the Indians by bribing them.
4.Once William Pitt became England’s secretary of state in 1757, things began improving for the British and the Americans. Previous to his tenure, the French and Indian allies beat the British in multiple battles, despite Britain having a bigger army. Pitt turned this around by sending huge troops and fleets to the colonies. Still, it was important that the British gain Indian support or at least neutrality.
5.The tide turned for the Birtish once troops under Amherst captured Louis-bourg and Fort Duquesne fell to an army led by Forbes. Also, the French were hugely outnumbered. These wins were enough incentive for the Iroquois to join the Anglo-American side.
6.I agree. The removal of the French from North America left Britain with no real challengers or competitors. This was an opportunity for them to take control of all the land and resources left by the French as well as tighten their grip on their own colonies.
7. Though their reactions ranged from disgruntled submission to mass defiance, the colonists, as a whole, resented the British for heavily taxing them. The British thought of the colonists as unreliable, poor fighters, and wanted them to be more subordinate.
8.Pitt most likely did not consider the long term consequences of his battle plans. The war resulted in a staggering number of casualties as well as a huge debt. To pay off these debts, the British heavily taxed the colonies. This then led to discontent and rebellion among the colonists, which would eventually develop into war.
1. The English Parliament negatively affected the development of the colonies in several ways. The Parliament's main goal was to make England the most powerful nation economically speaking, and limiting the power of the colonies. For example, they demanded that products such as tar, fur and copper be sent to England before any other country. All three of these products happened to be products that were not native to English soil. The Parliament also restricted the colonies from making products that England mainly produced. Lastly, they implemented the Molasses Act which was an attempt to wipe out trade between New England and the French West Indies.
ReplyDelete2. The conflicts in North America began simply as religious tensions, and began to escalate into a territory war after the English began encroaching on French territory.
3.British efforts to obtain portions of the frontier failed because of their lack of awareness and preparation for a French/Indian attack at Fort Duquense.
4.Before Pitt's tenure as Secretary of State the British lost the majority of battles due to lack of soldiers. the French had teamed up with the Native Americans and outnumbered the British in all of the battles between them. However, everything changed once Pitt came to power. Pitt made sure that the British would never be overwhelmed due to lack of numbers again.
5. Britain's massive armies was the main cause of the turn of the tide of battle.
6. I agree that the France's departure caused Britain to tighten their grip on the colonies. This is because, now that their biggest threat (France) left all they really had to worry about was controlling the power of their very large colonies.
7. The colonists developed a strong hatred toward the British after the war. The colonies were severely weakened after the war, given gigh taxes, and several families were left fatherless and broken after the war.
8. Apparently, Pitt gave the long term consequences of his massive armies little to no thought. After the war ended, Britain was left with insurmountable war debts that negatively affected both Britain and their colonies.
1. The English Parliament made a series of changes that would affect its colonies' economic development. It replaced the old Lords of Trade with the new 'Board of Trade.' Its treasury strengthened customs services. Parliament set up courts in the colonies to try smugglers that did not comply with the Navigation Acts. It utilized its colonies' raw materials in a mercantilist demeanor, manufacturing finished products to sell back for a profit.
ReplyDelete2. Conflicts that arose in interior North America were mainly caused by conflicts between Europeans and the natives whose land they were encroaching upon. The natives were allied with England’s French enemies. This caused a series of territory disputes.
3. British efforts to gain portions of the frontier failed due to the alliance between the natives and the French. Together the French and Indians were too strong for the British to fight.
4. Before William Pitt, Britain’s efforts were in vain due to the lack of devotion and finding put into the North American campaign. Once he came to power as secretary of state, he concentrated all power into Britain’s military force by sending massive amounts of troops. The sheer size of the British army was able to overwhelm and outnumber the French, as well as win over the natives support.
5. In 1797, Britain was able to win a series of battles against the French and Indians, proving their military superiority to the natives. Many tribes began to pledge themselves to fight on the British side instead, knowing that they were more likely to be on the winning side. This newly gained support brought the battle in favor of the British.
6. When the French receded from North America, Great Britain was encouraged to strengthen their grip on the colonies, over which they wanted total control. With their main colonial competitors gone, they could extend their reach and secure new territory.
7. The colonist s and the British began to grow apart. By helping the British remove the French, colonists gained a sense of power. They felt they were better off under their own control, away from British rule. The colonists resented British rule, as it restricted their rights and limited their representation. The British heavily taxed the colonies following the war to repay wartime debts and boost their own economy. They felt as if they had saved the colonists from the French, and required compensation.
8. Although Britain won the French and Indian War, it weakened Britain’s relationship with the colonies. The colonists felt as if they were doing Britain’s work by fighting their war against the French. Colonists were no longer dependent on Britain for defense. They resented that Britain controlled them as a colony, and wanted to unify as their own country without British jurisdiction.